Jakarta

Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, a country composed of more than 13,000 islands with a population of over 180 million. Comprising more than 300 ethnic groups speaking 200 different languages, the Indonesia population exhibits marked diversity in its linguistic, culture, and religious traditions. As the Capital City, Jakarta is a melting pot of representatives from each of these ethnic groups. Jakarta is a special territory enjoying the status of a province, consisting of Greater Jakarta, covering of 637.44 square km area. Located on the northern coast of West Java, it is the center of government, commerce and industry and has an extensive communications network with the rest of the country and the outside world. Strategically positioned in the archipelago, the city is also the principal gateway to the rest of Indonesia. From the Capital City, sophisticated land, air, and sea transport is available to the rest of the country and beyond.

Jakarta is one of Indonesia's designated tourist areas. It is a gateway to other tourist destinations in Indonesia and is equipped with all the means of modern transportation by air, sea, rail, or by land. It has the largest and most modern airport in the country, the most important harbor in Indonesia and is well connected by rail of good roads to other destinations in Java, Sumatra, and Bali. As Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport serves a growing number of international airlines and domestic flights. Jakarta is a city of contrasts; the traditional and the modern, the rich and the poor, the sacral and the worldly, often stand side by side in this bustling metropolis. Even its population gathered from all those diverse ethnic and cultural groups, which compose Indonesia, are constantly juxtaposed present reminder of the national motto; Unity in Diversity.

Finding its origin in the small early 16th century harbor town of Sunda Kelapa, Jakarta's founding is thought to have taken place on June 22, 1527, when it was re-named Jayakarta, meaning Glorious Victory by the conquering Prince Fatahillah from neighboring Cirebon. The Dutch East Indies Company, which captured the town and destroyed it in 1619, changed its name into Batavia and made it the center for the expansion of their power in the East Indies. Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, Batavia fell into the hands of the invading Japanese forces that changed the name of the city into 'Jakarta' as a gesture aimed at winning the sympathy of the Indonesians. The name was retained after Indonesia achieved national independence after the war's end.
The ethnic of Jakarta called "Orang Betawi" speaks Betawi Malay, spoken as well in the surrounding towns such as Bekasi and Tangerang. Their language, Betawi Malay, has two variations: conventional Betawi Malay, spoken by elder people and bred in Jakarta, and modern Jakarta Malay, a slang form spoken by the younger generation and migrants.

Jakarta's architecture reflects to a large extent the influx of outside influences, which came and has remained in this vital seaport city. Taman Fatahillah Restoration Project, begun in the early 1970s has restored one of the oldest sections of Jakarta also known as Old Batavia to approximately its original state. The Old Portuguese Church and warehouse have been rehabilitated into living museums. The old Supreme Court building is now a museum of fine arts, which also houses part of the excellent Chinese porcelain collection of former Vice President Adam Malik. The old Town Hall has become the Jakarta Museum, displaying such rare items as Indonesia's old historical documents and Dutch period furniture. Its tower clock was once returned to England to be repaired under its lifetime guarantee, which up to now has already lasted hundreds of years.

In recent years, Jakarta has expanded its facilities for visitors with luxury hotels, fine restaurants, exciting nightlife and modern shopping centers. It contains many tourist attractions such as Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful "Indonesia in Miniature" Park), restored colonial period buildings, island resorts in the Pula Seribu (Thousand Island), and an extensive beach recreation complex called Ancol. "Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park" popularly called TMII "Taman Mini Indonesia Indah", built to portray the variety of cultures found within the many islands contained in the Republic of Indonesia, this open-air museum comprises the many architectural forms of arts and traditions of all Indonesia provinces. It is proof of the country's motto of Unity in Diversity as well as Freedom of Religion depicted in the houses of worship built on the grounds.

Jakarta has preserved its past and is developing for the future. Skyscrapers in the center of the city are part of a new look. Modern luxury hotels today cater to the discriminating visitors. Transport within the city is plentiful. Jakarta is the center of the nation's industrial, political and cultural life. It is home to many of the country's finest research institutes, educational facilities, and cultural organizations. Jakarta is uniquely the seat of both the national as well as the regional government.

Over the last several decades, Jakarta has proudly developed into one of Asia's most prominent metropolitan centers. Today, Jakarta's skyline is covered by modern high rises. The many state-of-the-art shopping centers, recreation complexes and toll-roads have become hallmarks of the city. The quality of life and the general welfare of its inhabitants have improved considerably with the city's fast pace of development. Jakarta's cultural richness and dynamic growth contribute significantly to its growing importance as one of the world's leading capital cities.

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Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta Special Region (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, DIY) is officially one of Indonesia's 32 provinces. Yogyakarta is one of the foremost cultural centers of Java. This region is located at the foot of the active Merapi volcano, Yogyakarta was in the 16th and 17th centuries the seat of the mighty Javanese empire of Mataram from which present day Yogyakarta has the best inherited of traditions. The city itself has a special charm, which seldom fails to captivate the visitor.

This province is one of the most densely populated areas of Indonesia. The city came into being in 1755, after the Mataram division into the Sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo). Gamelan, classical and contemporary Javanese dances, wayang kulit (leather puppet), theater and other expressions of traditional art will keep the visitor spellbound. Local craftsmen excel in arts such batiks, silver and leather works. Next to the traditional, contemporary art has found fertile soil in Yogya's culture oriented society. ASRI, the Academy of Fine Arts is the center of arts and Yogyakarta itself has given its name to an important school of modern painting in Indonesia, perhaps best personified by the famed Indonesian impressionist, the late Affandi.

Yogyakarta is often called the main gateway to the Central Java as where it is geographically located. It stretches from Mount Merapi to the Indian Ocean. There is daily air service to Yogya from Jakarta, Surabaya and Bali as well as regular train service and easy accessibility by road. Yogyakarta is commonly considered as the modern cultural of Central Java. Although some may prefer Solo as a good runner up, Yogyakarta remains the clear front-runner for traditional dance, Wayang (traditional puppetry) and music.

Yogyakarta has more than just culture though. It is a very lively city and a shopper's delight. The main road, Malioboro Street, is always crowded and famous for its night street food-culture and street vendors. Many tourist shops and cheap hotels are concentrated along this street or in the adjoining tourist area such Sosrowijayan Street.

The key attraction of Yogyakarta is 'Kraton' (the Sultan's Palace). The Sultan's palace is the centre of Yogya's traditional life and despite the advance of modernity; it still emanates the spirit of refinement, which has been the hallmark of Yogya's art for centuries. This vast complex of decaying buildings was built in the 18th century, and is actually a walled city within the city with luxurious pavilions and in which the current Sultan still resides. Yogyakarta is also the only major city, which still has traditional 'Becak' (rickshaw-style) transport.

Geographically
Yogyakarta Special Region is geographically located almost equidistant from Indonesia's two most important international gateways, about 600 km from Jakarta and 1000 km from Bali. Yogyakarta also has excellent transport connections by bus, train or plane to the rest of Java, Sumatra, Bali and Lombok. Yogyakarta's Adisucipto Airport is in the process of changing its status in order to receive not only domestics' flights from Bali and Jakarta, but also direct charter and scheduled flights from other countries.

Geographically, Yogyakarta Special Province is situated in the Southern part of Central Java and lies between 7 degree 33' and 8 degree 12', South altitude between 110 degree and 50' East longitude. Some regencies of central Java Province surround the administrative boundaries of this region:
Southern East: Wonogiri Regency
Eastern: Klaten Regency
Northwestern: Magelang Regency
Western: Purworejo Regency
The Indonesian Ocean borders the Southern part of Yogyakarta. The borderline of the seashore stretches from West to East of which the length is around 100 km, started from Congot Beach in Kulon Progo Regency and ended at Sadeng Beach in Gunung Kidul Regency.

Because of its location, Yogyakarta is strategically positioned for the economic activity network in Java as well as for the tourist destination area. The special region of Yogyakarta lies midway on the axis of several main tourist destination areas, Jakarta and West Java westward, Central Java northward, East Java and Bali eastward. It is linked by regular rail, road and air services to other parts of Indonesian archipelago.

Climate and Weather in Yogyakarta
The average daily temperature range between 26 degree and 28 degree Celsius with its minimum 18 degree C and maximum 35 degree C respectively. Average humidity is 74% with its minimum of 65% and maximum 84% respectively. The Yogyakarta Special Region lays approximately 7 South of the equator line and is bathed in tropical; sunshine along the year. This region has a tropic climate the daily atmosphere feels a little bit hot and humid. These are only two seasons along the year, the wet or rainy seasons and dry monsoon. Usually the wet seasons begin at September and lasts about August. Generally there is no rainfalls from may to August and there fore the atmosphere feels hot and humid on the day and cool in the night and early morning. The monthly rain falling Yogyakarta varies between 3mm and 496mm in which those above 300mm take place during the month of January up to April. The heaviest rainfall usually occurs in February while the lowest commonly happens between May and October Average annually rainfall is about 1,900mm.


Populations of Yogyakarta
Based on 2000, the total population of Yogyakarta special Region amounted to 3.311.812. Yogyakarta Municipality that has 461,800 inhabitants spread over 32,50 kilometers or the average population density is thus over 14,200 persons per square kilometer. The least densely populated districts is in Gunung Kidul regency which has 720.643 inhabitants and cover 1,485 square kilometers or the density rate is 485 persons per square kilometer. Since a very long time ago the Provincial territory of Yogyakarta Special Region and its surrounding has been decently populated.
The majority residents of Yogyakarta Special Region are Javanese whose language derives from ancient Sanskrit. However, as Yogyakarta is considered to be "Indonesia's academic city" due to the numerous centers for higher learning, many of the inhabitants are student who come from all over Indonesia to study.

Culture of Yogyakarta
The culture Yogyakarta province with its status as a special region lies in the Southern part of Central Java, in the heartland of Javanese culture. As the former capital and the center of several kingdoms in the past, this region and its people are very rich in a variety of cultures. It is widely known from to historical records that the civilization, art and culture had developed well in the center of those kingdoms respectively in the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (8th - 10th Century) era, the second Mataram Kingdom (17th - 18th Century) and Sultanate Ngayogyokarto from the mid of 18th Century up today.

It should be noted that the cultural heritage from the past includes the magnificent temples, the ruins of palaces and monasteries, the various kind of traditions, cultural events, traditional folk and performing arts, architecture and other traditional activities. It is important to note that this is all part of the living culture of Yogyakarta, color of daily activities of live and the local inhabitants behavior, particularly the Javanese community with its traditional way of life and customs. Therefore, because of its culture richness and heritage, Yogyakarta has long been known as the cradle of Javanese culture.

The other legendary name for Yogyakarta City, among the elders as well as the youth generation that is the City of Art and Culture. Traditional and modern exhibition are held almost every day and night about the art of theater, pantomime, music, classic and contemporary dances, poems, etc. Those are flow in the heart of the city. Even more, there are abundant of cultural ceremony, such as Sekaten, Gunungan, Labuhan, Malioboro Fair, etc, which make the city has high value of tradition, art, and culture.

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East Java

East Java is one of Indonesia provinces. It is located on the eastern part of Java Island and also includes Madura and Bawean islands. It state in the West neighbor of Bali, across the small Strait of Bali. East Java has a variety of attractions, from temple sites to scenic beaches, a sand-sea, highland-lakes, volcanoes, marine gardens and wildlife reserves. Magnificent mountain scenery include the crater and sea of sand at Mount Bromo, the "sulfur mountain" Welirang and rugged lien Plateau. Little of the former glory of Majapahit Empire, still stands in East Java to day with the exception of temple ruins and some archaeological discoveries. East Java's claim to fame in modern history is its vanguard role in the struggle for independence against colonial forces in 1945.


The administrative center of the province is located in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center and port. Its capital, Surabaya is second to Jakarta in size, population and commerce. East Java is also the most industrialized province in the nation. Its economy is based on agriculture, fishery, oil industries, coffee, mangoes and apples. Connected with the rest of Java by good motor roads and train services, there are also air services between Surabaya and other major cities in the country including Bali which is only half an hour's flight a way. It is also easily accessible by road and regular ferry from Bali and Java. Madura Island, famous for its bull races, is part of the province of East Java, though it has its own traditions and language. Fossilized remains of prehistoric animals and the site of the Java man at Trinil, Ngawi, will tantalize the archaeologist, as well as numerous temple ruins dating from the 7th century AD.

Geographically
The wide of East Java area is 47,921 sq km. Two thirds of the area is mountainous with approximately 48 mountains. The highest peak, Mount Semeru is the highest in Java. The Brantas (314 km) and Bengawan Solo (540 km) are the two big rivers. This area is located between 5o 37' and 8o 48' South Latitude and between 110o 54' and 115o 57' East Longitude. East Java is bordered by:
North side: Java Sea
South side: Indian Ocean
West Side: Central Java Province
East side: Bali Strait

Administratively
The East Java Province consists of 29 regencies, 8 municipals and 2 administrative towns with Surabaya as its capital city.

Climate
Its topical climate means that October to April is the wet season, and May to September is the dry season with an average temperature of 20-30 C. The rainfall in East Java is relatively low, on average of 2,000 mm per year.

Demography
East Java province consists of various communities such as Javanese and Maduranese with their culture, tradition and customs.

Population
The population is almost 33 million people occupy about 48,000 square kilometers (including Madura island).

Cultural Attractions of East Java
Angklung: An ensemble of bamboo instruments quite popular in Banyuwangi.
Gandrung Dance: A classical dance dedicated to Dewi Sri, the goddess of rice. Popular in Banyuwangi as well.
Bull Race (Karapan Sapi): a regular attraction at the stadium of Pamekasan, Madura.
Labuhan Sesaji: a thanksgiving ceremony held by fishermen of Muncar, Banyuwangi, and Suro.
Reyog Trance Dance: traditional Ponorogo dance with 15 dancers wearing peacock-feather headdresses and tiger mask.
Tayub Dance: a popular social dance from Nganjuk, 120 km southwest of Surabaya. This dance is usually performed at wedding parties or other celebratory gatherings where the dancers use their scarfs to invite guests to join them.

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Tugu Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Landmark the Most Popular

Tugu Yogyakarta is a landmark city of Yogyakarta's most famous. The monument is located right in the middle of the crossroad Mangkubumi Prince Street, General Jalan Sudirman, Jalan AM Sangaji and Diponegoro Street. Tugu Yogyakarta aged almost 3 centuries have meaning in the recording at the same time save some historical city of Yogyakarta.

Tugu Yogyakarta was established approximately one year after the Kraton stand. At the beginning of the foundation, the building is explicitly describe Manunggaling servant girl, the spirit of unity and the ruler of the people to fight occupation. The spirit of unity or called golong gilig is clearly envisaged in the monument, shaped poles gilig (cylinder) and the peak shape golong (round), that Tugu Golong-called Gilig.

In detail, building Tugu Yogyakarta built during the early pole-shaped cylinder using the above. Basically, the fences that form a circle while the top round. Elevation of the monument was initially reached 25 meters.

Everything changed on 10 June 1867. The Yogyakarta earthquake when it collapsed to create the monument. Can be said, when the shaft collapsed this is a state of transition, before the meaning of unity is not reflected in the monument.

The situation really changed in the year 1889, when the Dutch government renovate the monument. Monument made of square with each side decorated with such inscriptions show that anyone who is involved in the renovation. The top monument, not round, but the conical spiked. Altitude also be lower, at only 15 meters or 10 meters lower than the original building. Since then, the monument is also called as De Witt deed or Tugu White Pal.

Revamp the building is a Dutch tactics to erase the association between the people and king. However, the struggles people in Yogyakarta and the king held afterwards, can be known that the effort was not successful.

If you want to look Tugu Yogyakarta while meaning filosofisnya recall, the benches overlooking the monument at the corner of Jl. Prince Mangkubumi. 05.00 hrs - 06.00 morning is the right time, when the air is still fresh and not many vehicles and thatch. Occasionally you may be disapa with a friendly smile newspaper deliveryman who want to go to the office daily circulation Kedaulatan Rakyat.

Afternoon until midnight, there is a seller gudeg (cooking typical Yogyakarta) at the corner of Jl. Diponegoro. Gudeg famous around here and the prices reasonable. You can eat a Lesbian while enjoying the scenery to the Tugu Yogyakarta, which is bright.

Once Tugu Yogyakarta with the city of Yogyakarta, make many students reveal your taste senangnya stated after graduating college enclasp or with the smell of Tugu Yogyakarta. Perhaps it also as an expression dear to the city of Yogyakarta, which will soon be abandoned, at a time when a pledge that he will later visit the city watched this again.

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Monument Jogja Kembali

Curfew is marked break from post defense Netherlands. Under the command Letkol Soeharto, 10 Brigade commander region Wehrkreise III, the defense began to demolish the Netherlands, after obtaining approval from the Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX as penggagas attack. Dutch troops one month since the Dutch military aggression II in December 1948 is in the post-post small, concentrated and weakened. During six hours of Indonesian National Army (TNI) successfully occupy city of Yogyakarta, after the force back the Dutch troops. Right at 12:00 pm, according to the plan, all troops TNI withdraw from the city center when the Dutch came assistance. Telak a defeat for the Netherlands.
There is still the Republic of Indonesia

Battle of known attacks with General March 1 is proving to be early in the international world that the TNI still has the power to make resistance and stated that the Republic of Indonesia is still there. This terpicu after the Dutch government that have been captured and deport Bung Karno and Bung Hatta to Sumatra, rests with the state propaganda of the Republic of Indonesia is not there.

News resistance during this six hours later dikabarkan to Woodend, forwarded to Bukit Tinggi, and Burma, New Delhi (India), and ended the UN headquarters in New York. From this news, the United Nations that U.S. forces have been independent commission take the Three Kingdoms (KTN). In a meeting held in December Indes Hotel Jakarta on 14 April 1949, the representatives of Indonesia, led Moh. Roem and representatives of the Netherlands who led the Van Royen, a result that the agreement signed on 7 May 1949. This agreement and then called the agreement Roem Royen (Roem Royen Statement). In this agreement the Netherlands was forced to withdraw his team from Indonesia, and restore the President and Vice President, the Soekarno-Hatta Airport to Yogyakarta. Up to the end on 27 December 1949 the Dutch formally submit to the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia.
The implied meaning and implied Tetengger In History

To recall the history of the nation, on 29 June 1985 monument built Yogya Back (Monjali). Peletakkan first stone monument at 31.8 meters by HB IX after a traditional ceremony of planting the head of buffalo. Four years later, exactly on 6 July 1989, the building is completed. Payment inaugurated by President Suharto with the signing of the inscription.

The monument, located in the Hamlet protruding, Neighborhood Sariharjo Subdistrict Kirkliston, Kapubaten Sleman is shaped mountain, which is the omen fertility also has cultural meaning ancestors pre-history. Bangunanpun laying the cultural Yogyakarta, located on the imaginary axis connecting Merapi, Tugu, the Palace, Stage Krapyak Tritis and Parang. "Axis of macro cosmos or the axis of Life" by the Pak Gunadi on YogYES. Imaginary point in the building that stands on 5.6 hectares of land as wide can be seen on the third floor, exactly where in the establishment flag mast.

Name of Monument Yogya Back typify functioning again and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia as tetengger withdrawn history of the Dutch army pullback from the capital of Yogyakarta on the date of 29 June 1949 and the return of President Soekarno, Vice President Mohammad Hatta and petinggi other on 6 July 1949 in Yogyakarta.
Until the replica aircraft Room Hening

Entering the area around the monument, which is located three kilometers from the center of Yogyakarta, the visitors will be greeted with a replica aircraft Cureng near the eastern door and replica aircraft Guntai near the west door. THEME lectern in the west and east, visitors can see the two-wheeled machines weapons complete with their seats, down toward the court before the front foot mountain monument. In the south end of the court stood a wall which contains 420 names fighter who killed between 19 December 1948 to 29 June 1949 and the poems of Bekasi, Karawang, Chairil Anwar to his heroes who do not know the name.

The monument is surrounded by a pool (moat), which is divided by four road to the main building. Road connecting the east and west with the entrance floor, which consists of a four-room museum, which presents a collection of at least 1,000 One March, before the independence struggle until the city of Yogyakarta to become the capital of Indonesia. Students and Army uniforms sedan chair General Sudirman, which is stored neatly in there. In addition, there is also room of the Council, which is situated in the museum space I. Room-shaped circle with a diameter of about 25 meters this function as a versatile space, because the normal rent for the purposes of seminars or weddings.

Meanwhile, roads north and south connected with the stairs to the second floor on the wall outside the building around 40 graven reliefs depicting the struggle of the nations start of the 17 August 1945 to 28 December 1949. a number of historical events such as physical struggle and diplomacy since the Independence Proclamation, the President and Vice return Persiden to Yogyakarta to the establishment of People's Security envisaged in the relief. While in the building, contains 10 buildings that surround dioramas menggambarkaan design situations when the Dutch attack Maguwo on December 19, 1948 SU One of March, Roem Royen Agreement, Proklamasi warning until 17 August 1949 at the Gedung Agung Yogyakarta.

The top floor is a silent circle-shaped, equipped with a flagpole, which are red and white flag in the middle of the room, a relief image of the physical struggle on the west wall and the struggle of diplomacy on the east wall. Garbha Graha room called the work place as the heroes and pray it their struggle.

During this struggle, the nation can only be heard through the teachers in school history, or the story of a grandfather on the grandson. Monument Yogya Back to give a clearer picture of how it achieved independence. Viewing the various dioramas, relief of the graven or clothes to the collection of weapons that have been used by the freedom fighter. One place that will satisfy all keingin knowledge about travel to reach the independence of Indonesia.

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Affandi Museum, The Palace of a Maestro

Visiting Affandi Museum, located in the Road, Yogyakarta-Solo, or rather the western edge of the Elephant River Wong, provide the opportunity for you to investigate all the means of life Affandi. You can see the works during the illustrious maestro life, the work of other painters who ditampungnya, transportation dipakainya the first, which is home to a studio that is now used to build the talent to paint children.

Museum complex consists of 3 gallery with the gallery as a place where I purchase tickets and the beginning of the tour. Gallery I, which opened in private by Affandi since 1962 and inaugurated in 1974 contains a number of paintings Affandi from the beginning of work until the end of his life. Painting a generally sktesa the form of paintings and works of reproduction is placed in 2 larik top down, and stretching to meet arch-shaped room.

Still in Gallery I, you can see a number of valuables during Affandi life. At the end of the room, you can see the car Colt Gallan 1976 colored sulfur, which was modified so that resembles the form of fish, also a Male ancient-looking shine as a means of transportation. You can also see the reproduction of a statue of his self-portrait with daughter, Kartika.

Towards the Gallery II, you can see a number of paintings of the painter, both beginners and senior, who ditampungnya in the museum. The gallery was built in 1988 consists of two floors with paintings that can be viewed from different angles. The first floor contains many paintings are abstract, while the load floor, 2 realist painting with color, but have specificity.

Gallery III is the next goal is to be shaped building with a vaulted roof line formed banana leaf. Can be said, the gallery floor multifunction 3, the first floor function room as well as the location of the exhibition "Sanggar Gajah Wong" place for children to hone talent to paint, the second floor space as maintenance and repair painting, while the floor below ground as a place to store a collection of paintings .

Not far from the Gallery III, there is a tower that can be used as a place to see the sights. You can see a panorama of the museum, Gajahwong River to the bustle of the road. Alight and walk to the west of the tower, you can see the house using unique Affandi used as a place to live with his wife and children.

Houses are built with the concept of house with buffer main pillar of concrete and other wooden pole. Shingle roof of a house-shaped banana leaf and the arch-shaped building. Floor under house now used as the location of Cafe loft, where penjuualan food and drinks for the visitors, while laintai of the house is a private room Affandi.

In the left home, there is a trailer that is now functioning as Musholla. Cart is element complement one house Affandi complex that serves as a health resort Affandi wife, Maryati. Originally, the Maryati want a caravan used as a residence for the American people move. Affandi approve the concept of the building, but with the realization that more to Indonesia, the cart.

Before the home, you can stop in the eternal home of the maestro who died on May 23 1990, is among the Gallery I and II. Affandi eternal home with the adjoining houses owned by immortal the wife. Eternal home page is decorated by rimbunan tree roses.

To visit the Museum of Affandi, you only need to cost Rp 10000.00 as the entrance ticket for domestic tourists and Rp 20000.00 for foreign tourists, and an additional Rp 10000.00 as the additional costs when you want to photograph.

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